The Left Berlin News & Comment

This is the archive template

Neo-Nazis and Anti-Fascism in Germany since the 1990s

An introductory series by The Left Berlin

and
20/02/2026

Antifascism and anti-fascist journalism have deep-rooted histories in Germany. Over just the past few decades, there has been extensive knowledge and analysis concerning neo-Nazi movements and their history, yet only a small fraction of this work is translated out of German. Left-wing English-language groups often lack the wealth of understanding that is taken for granted by their German-speaking counterparts. Fundamental topics, such as the racist murder of 9 people in Hanau, which occurred exactly six years ago from the week this article is being published, are frequently known only in the most general terms.

This series of articles aims to help bridge the gap in knowledge or, at the very least, provide a basic introduction for English-speaking activists who may struggle to access German-language discourses for various reasons. In doing so, we also seek to offer greater insight into themes that are often misunderstood within the English-speaking left in Berlin, such as the dynamics between East and West Germany and the role of migrant-led anti-fascist organizing.

Engaging in this project, essentially translating several decades of activism and knowledge production into a short series of articles, inevitably means leaving out much important information. The list of stories which could have been included here is long enough to be an article itself. In selecting what to include, we purposefully highlighted specific stories — whether of specific events, people or groups — rather than attempting to summarize the extensive information on far-right violence or resistance against it. Our hope is that these focused stories will serve as an entry point for readers, helping them to navigate the broader historical context, and select for themselves what they would like to explore further.

As co-editors of this series, we have been lucky to have the support of various parts of The Left Berlin, including the editorial team and the social media team. Several members even contributed their own articles. We would like to thank them all. We would especially like to thank all the comrades who put their trust in us and agreed to be interviewed, sharing their knowledge and experiences.

Article 1: “The question of whether we are allowed to state what we see”: An interview with Kien Nghi Ha about the pogrom in Rostock-Lichtenhagen, its preconditions and its aftermaths

Article 2: “Nazis were on the move with baseball bats”: An interview with an antifascist from Brandenburg on the Baseballschlägerjahre and Nazi violence

Article 3: Protecting Fascists: Neo-Nazis in Germany’s military and police

Article 4: The far-right takes aim at CSDs

Article 5: Antifascism in Berlin: struggles, structures and repression, an interview with Antifa Nord Ost

Red Flag: Disgraceful cowardice at Berlinale (and a few brave artists)

In his weekly column, Nathaniel Flakin looks at filmmakers kowtowing to German imperialism.


18/02/2026

Berlinale Abdallah Alkhatib

Berlinale, Berlin’s international film festival, opened last week with a display of cowardice that will surely go down in history.

When the journalist Tilo Jung asked about the jury’s selective solidarity with people in Ukraine or Iran but not in Palestine, Ewa Puszczyńska declared: “Films are not political,” and wondered why no one is talking about the genocide in Senegal. (Is there a genocide in Senegal? Did she mean Sudan?) Wim Wenders added: “We are the opposite of politics.”

In response, Arundhati Roy pulled out of Berlinale with a bold statement. While Neil Patrick Harris said he avoids political roles, numerous other filmmakers used their platform to speak out against the German government’s support for genocide.

On Saturday, Berlinale director Trisha Tuttle issued a long, defensive statement reassuring us that no one at the festival is “indifferent to… the immense suffering of people in Gaza and the West Bank, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in Sudan, in Iran, in Ukraine, in Minneapolis, and in a terrifying number of places.”

In other words: Berlinale is political—they just don’t want to talk about Palestine.

Everyone sees what’s going on. Berlinale gets about a third of its funding from the German state. Far-right culture warrior Wolfram Weimer, who once made a career of decrying left-wing “cancel culture,” has been using his position as culture minister to cancel events that don’t align with the interests of German imperialism (besides lining his pockets).

We can all see the sword hanging over the jury’s head. Berlinale can be “political” as long as it doesn’t criticize the German government in any way. As the noose tightens around the neck of the largely state-funded cultural scene, we can expect fewer films criticizing the Far Right and more cinema praising the glorious Bundeswehr

So what did Berlinale have to offer?

Red Hangar

It did not feel like a coincidence that a film about the military coup in Chile on September 11, 1973, premiered in Germany. Red Hangar follows Jorge Silva, a taciturn officer in the Chilean Air Force, as the coup unfolds around him. When his superiors ask about his loyalty, he repeats that he only follows orders. Should he join them? Should he join a resistance cell planning to flee the country?

As the military academy where he works is converted into a provisional torture center, Silva is willing to carry out interrogations, but he draws a line at shooting prisoners. As we learn from a title card at the end, he was subsequently arrested, tortured, and forced into exile.

The film offered a perfect yet involuntary metaphor for what filmmakers are going through right now. Should they obediently cash checks from the German government as it provides weapons for mass murder? Or should they take risks and speak up?

After the screening, I got to put this question to director Juan Pablo Sallato. After dedicating years to make a film about moral courage, he decided to keep his head down with a Wenders-style deflection. This is a “violent world,” he affirmed, “in Palestine, in Ukraine, in the U.S.” The film, he said, was just posing questions, not providing answers.

But it’s actually quite easy to provide an answer about the 1973 coup: It was wrong. Aren’t the lessons for today equally obvious? Unlike Silva, Sallato would not have been tortured for saying “Free Palestine.” If the film didn’t strengthen his resolve, even at the risk of being criticized in the German press, then what was the movie for?

As I was asking the question, my microphone was turned off, and a handful of Germans behind me complained loudly about my “propaganda.” I might have turned around and yelled that they all would have supported the coup in Chile. But afterwards, five people came up to thank me. It’s not that hard.

Chronicles of the Siege

Despite all the censorship, following last year’s international scandals, a number of films related to Palestine did make it into the program. 

Palestinian director Abdallah Alkhatib presented Chronicles From the Siege. The blurb fails to mention Palestine, while The Berliner magazine refers to the director as being “from Yarmouk, a district of the Syrian capital Damascus,” without mentioning that Yarmouk is a Palestinian refugee camp. Yet at the premiere on Saturday, the room was full of keffiyehs and the director gave a powerful speech.

Five interwoven stories show people trying to survive in a besieged city that is not named but where people speak Palestinian Arabic. Alkhatib did experience a brutal siege during Syria’s civil war, so this isn’t quite about Gaza—but title cards refer to the  genocide that has been ongoing since 1948. Without a specific place, the story is universal. Alkhatib presents Palestinians not as perfect victims, nor as angelic heroes, but as people: The stories are full of debasement and despair, as one would expect, but also of humor and warmth.

A documentary, Who Killed Alex Odeh?, looked at the assassination of a Palestinian-American activist in the Los Angeles area in 1985. Law enforcement knew right away who had planted the bomb: three fascists from Meir Kahane’s Jewish Defense League. But two were allowed to leave for Israel, where they continue living to this day, easily found by a single reporter. One of them changed his name and became a lawyer, eventually mentoring the fascist Itamar Ben-Gvir. Odeh’s widow and daughter, still fighting for justice, were present at a moving screening.

This year’s Berlinale is part of a wider authoritarian turn to strangle Berlin’s cultural scene. The government wants to make the country “kriegstüchtig” (fit for military service), and this requires stamping out critical art. But on the margins, a few artists can still use Berlinale to present critical art—while the Palinale Film Festival (complete schedule) doesn’t have to deal with government censorship.

As a right-wing government attacks artistic freedom, some film makers will bend the knee in the hopes of preserving their funding—and others will have the courage to bite the hand that feeds them.

Red Flag is a weekly opinion column on Berlin politics that Nathaniel has been writing since 2020. After moving through different homes, it now appears at The Left Berlin.

19 February 2020: Hanau shootings

This week in working class history

On 19th February 2020, neo-Nazi Tobias Rathjen killed 9 people and wounded 7 more at the Arena bar and Midnight Shisha bar in Hanau. Both locations were known as meeting points for individuals with migrant backgrounds. The names of the deceased are Gökhan Gültekin, Sedat Gürbüz, Said Nesar Hashemi, Mercedes Kierpacz, Hamza Kurtović, Vili Viorel Păun, Fatih Saraçoğlu, Ferhat Unvar, and Kaloyan Velkov. Remember their names.

Before killing them, Rathjen had been watching videos of AfD Thüringen leader Björn Höcke. In an online document released prior to the massacre, he called for the “complete extermination” of many “races or cultures in our midst.” He suggested that the “total destruction” of entire states might be justified in a future war, listing 25 countries. In a video detailing his motivations, he referenced various QAnon conspiracy theories and expressed deep-seated hatred for foreigners, women, Muslims, and Jews.

After identifying Rathjen as the perpetrator, it took police five hours to respond to his nearby home. When they finally arrived, Rathjen first shot his mother before taking his own life. Police later claimed they did not hear any gunshots. Despite being known to law enforcement, Rathjen was allowed to renew his firearms license as recently as 2019. It was later revealed that 13 police officers working in Hanau that evening were suspended for participating in racist, far-right group chats.

Sadly, families of the deceased were not promptly notified; some learned of the deaths from news reports. Family members presenting identification had to wait 18 hours before they could see their slain loved ones, and autopsies were conducted without consent. Emergency calls made that night went unanswered. Initially, the media attributed the violence to “clan violence,” suggesting that the victims were somehow responsible for their own deaths. As Seda Artal later recalled, “I think the first headline I read was ‘Shisha murders.’”

The Hanau shootings sparked two powerful chants that have become popular at subsequent demonstrations: “Hanau war kein Einzelfall” (Hanau was not an isolated case) and “Where were you in Hanau?” (directed at the police). These phrases symbolize a pervasive narrative in the media and among law enforcement, portraying attacks by non-white individuals as the work of Islamists, while white terrorists are framed as troubled individuals. Since reunification, over 200 people in Germany have lost their lives to right-wing violence. We should remember them all.

Should film be political?

Even Wim Wenders thinks it should. He just doesn’t want to talk about Palestine


16/02/2026

Most people will know by now that Wim Wenders, jury president of this year’s Berlinale, recently said “We have to stay out of politics.” He continued: “movies can change the world, but not in a political way.” At the same press conference, Ewa Puszczyńska, producer of The Zone of Interest, said: “we cannot be responsible for what [an audience’s] decision would be to support Israel or the decision to support Palestine. There are many other wars where genocide is committed, and we do not talk about that.”

In response, Arundhati Roy, whose film In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones is due to be screened as part of the Berlinale, announced that she would no longer be coming to Berlin. Roy made her own statement, saying: “To hear them say that art should not be political is jaw-dropping. It is a way of shutting down a conversation about a crime against humanity even as it unfolds before us in real time—when artists, writers and film makers should be doing everything in their power to stop it.”

As a best-selling author, scriptwriter, and anti-capitalist theoretician, Roy had every right to call out both Wenders and the Berlinale for their lack of solidarity with Palestinians who are still suffering a genocide. Yet there is some uncertainty about what Wenders actually said, not least because of the incoherence of his original statement.

In this article I want to look at what Wenders did say and why he said it. I will go on to argue that this is just the latest in a long series of instances in which the Berlinale, and its representatives, have stood in the way of the Palestinians’ fight for liberation.

What did Wenders say? And what didn’t he say?

It would be easy to dismiss Wenders’ statement as the liberal hypocrisy of a man who has spent too much time with Bono. However, I do not believe that Wenders was arguing that no art is political—an untenable position that doesn’t hold up to any serious scrutiny. 

In the same speech, he said: “No movie has really changed any politician’s idea. But we can change the idea people have of how they should live,” and “There’s a big discrepancy on this planet between people who want to live their lives and governments who have other ideas.” There is a case to be made that Wenders was not arguing that cinema should be unpolitical, but that the balance of power means that politicians will ignore films, which should, instead, try to address “people”.

Nonetheless, I do believe that Wenders still thinks that Great Art occupies a sacred place outside social relations. Or, as he says, “We have to stay out of politics because if we make movies that are dedicatedly political, we enter the field of politics. But we are the counterweight of politics, we are the opposite of politics.”

In this context, it is worth looking at this year’s nominations for Best Picture Oscar—no guarantee of artistic quality, but nonetheless a sign of current trends. The nominations include Sinners, a film that addresses the legacy of racism in the US South, One Battle After Another, which features state detention centres, clandestine right-wing organisations, and former and future revolutionaries. Bugonia is about conspiracy theorists, and The Secret Agent looks at 1970s Brazil under the dictatorship.

Or we could look at the homepage of the 2026 Berlinale, where you can read: “The exciting thing about this year’s edition—probably the most political in a long time—is the diverse range of different cinematic forms used to set out concrete themes that hurt, such as enduring colonialism and the structural repression of Indigenous populations, violence against women, systems of corruption, social injustices.”

The Berlinale’s page about the Teddy awards promises: “Films that resist the mainstream, challenge racist structures and genre conventions and explore queer resistance alongside gender and body politics form a vital core of this year’s programme. This discussion considers the significance of such works in relation to the cultural and political moment we currently inhabit and asks whether, and in what ways, these films might serve a broader purpose beyond the screen.”

You can argue about both the political and artistic quality of some of these films, but we are not in a period in which either Hollywood or the Berlinale are staying out of politics. 

Can art be unpolitical?

Before I move on to what I think is going on here, I’d like to address the issue implicitly raised by Wenders’s statement—the idea that while some films may have political content, the best art remains politically neutral (whatever that means). Perhaps it is worth mentioning here that only 9 months ago, Wenders himself made a film for the German Foreign Office.

Wenders was not the only person arguing for “unpolitical” art. After the scandal broke, self-regarding German actor Lars Eidinger said that he was only at the Berlinale for the cinema, adding: “Sometimes you come to the Berlinale to watch the films you’ve made yourself.” This may well describe Eidinger’s viewing habits, but he does not speak for all of us.

It is difficult to imagine any film that is not political, indirectly at least. All films are set in a certain era and in one way or another reproduce the contradictions of class, race, and gender in the society which they are describing. Clearly some films are explicitly political, but I would go further. Because they are the products of social relations, all films are political.

Even a film that uses exclusively middle class white male actors is doing this for political reasons. A Merchant Ivory film in which every single character is white and well off is making a political statement about what it considers to be important every bit as much as any film by Ken Loach or Gillo Pontecorvo. As John Berger said in Ways of Seeing, works of art are defined just as much by what they omit than what we can see.

To back up this argument, I would like to quote from the 1991 book The Logic of Images. You can find this quote on the goodreads page: “Every film is political. Most political of all are those that pretend not to be: “entertainment” movies. They are the most political films there are because they dismiss the possibility of change. In every frame they tell you everything’s fine the way it is. They are a continual advertisement for things as they are.”

Great stuff. And who wrote The Logic of Images again? Oh yes, it was Wim Wenders.

It’s all about Palestine

So, what was Wenders really trying to say? A little context is useful here. Wenders’s statement was a direct response to a question by Tilo Jung from the Jung & Naiv podcast. Tilo asked: “The Berli­nale as an in­sti­tu­tion has fa­mous­ly shown sol­i­dar­i­ty with peo­ple in Iran and Ukraine, but nev­er with Pales­tine, even to­day. In light of the Ger­man gov­ern­men­t’s sup­port of the geno­cide in Gaza and its role as the main funder of the Berli­nale, do you as a mem­ber of the ju­ry…”

Viewers of the Berlinale livestream never got the chance to see Tilo finish his question (“Do you as a mem­ber of the ju­ry sup­port this se­lec­tive treat­ment of hu­man rights?”). Coverage was interrupted, with the Berlinale organisers announcing “technical problems”. Whether they were lying or not is a secondary point. Wenders was not saying that the Berlinale cannot discuss politics. He was saying that they can’t discuss Palestine.

Wenders, like many German artists, has a history of staying silent on Palestine. Last year, Françoise Vergès published an essay in which she said of Wenders: “His is a Eurocentric history, as if this history ended in that European ‘centre’, with not a single word about the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He speaks of Ukraine but not of Gaza, nor Sudan, Congo, Kashmir or any other place in the world that does not belong to the white West.”

Abbas Fahdel was part of the 2024 Berlinale documentary jury that awarded a prize to No Other Land. He recently argued: “Since then, it has effectively made it impossible for films openly committed to the Palestinian cause or critical of Israeli government policy to be present. Wenders’s position today, under the cover of supposed artistic neutrality, seems to confirm and legitimize that shift.”

The Berlinale was always political

The Berlinale has a long history of political statements. At the 1991 festival, Iranian director Jafar Panahi was supposed to be one of the jurors. The Iranian government refused to let him leave the country. The Berlinale website still proudly reports its response: ”The Berlinale sections screened five of his films in 2011 as a sign of solidarity.” When the jury announced its decisions, Panahi’s chair was symbolically left empty.

The 2023 Berlinale issued a statement Solidarity with Ukraine and Iran, in which it announced: “The film selection and various events—in part with cooperation partners—will focus on Iran and Ukraine”. All companies and media outlets with ties to Iran or Russia were banned. The same year, the festival was opened with a 10 minute speech by Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy. I do not recall any objection from people like Wenders that this was politicising an event that had to stay out of politics.

In 2024, Wim Wenders proudly told the German press that: “The Berlinale has always been the most political of the big festivals”, and “I like the Berlinale because it always opens its mouth and takes a stance”. On that occasion he was commenting on the festival’s decision to uninvite five AfD politicians. Note that even in this case, it was not that the festival refused to invite a bunch of Nazis. It invited them, and was then forced by public outrage to change its mind.

The IMDb description of No Good Men, the opening film at this year’s Berlinale, describes it as a “lumpy mix of workplace observation, anti-patriarchal social realism, spiraling alarm over the return of an oppressive regime”. Meanwhile, festival director Tricia Tuttle boasted to Deutsche Welle that the festival is “not afraid of championing and backing very political films—films that might create difficult talking points”, adding that “every kind of cinema is political in some ways”.

Time to boycott the Berlinale?

In 2024, Strike Germany, an organisation representing more than 500 global artists, filmmakers, writers and culture workers called for no more collaboration with German-funded cultural institutions, which—they said—were carrying out “McCarthyist policies that suppress freedom of expression, specifically expressions of solidarity with Palestine”. This explicitly included the Berlinale.

In 2026, Strike Germany issued a new statement, saying: “STRIKE @berlinale is not over. With continued lack of genuine response from Tuttle and the Berlinale team, it’s clear that in 2026 Berlinale remains committed to its irrelevance for film workers who oppose genocide. Berlinale must understand that if it does not use its remaining power as a cultural force in the capital, then it does not deserve our participation.”

I’m not fully convinced by the arguments to boycott the Berlinale in 2026. For a boycott campaign to be effective, it needs to be a mass action. Otherwise it risks being just individual virtue signalling. This year—unlike in 2025—the international BDS campaign has not targeted the Berlinale. But if anything has shown the need for a political reaction to the festival’s whitewashing of Gaza, it is Wenders’ badly worded and reactionary speech.

This year, the Palinale Film Festival showed that there are plenty of film offers outside the Berlinale. Palestinian activist Majed Abusalama, who will be speaking at the Palinale on February 18th, posted on facebook: “It is no longer enough to simply condemn the Berlinale each year. The community must begin building alternative cultural platforms that reject complicity and center decolonial, unapologetic representation.”

Recent films like The Voice of Hind Rajab, All That’s Left of You, and Coexistence: My Ass! have been prepared to take on different aspects of the Israel/Palestine struggle whether the Berlinale wants them or not. As a movement, we need to decide whether to kick the Berlinale into touch, or if we think it can be saved from itself. Either way, there are plenty of viable alternatives.

“Hitler Salute” defendent acquitted

Repression in Berlin – report #2

This week’s column recounts the last hearing of a case in which two activists aimed to hold a guy who showed the Hitler Salute to them at the site of a demonstration against the genocide in Gaza.

After the guy who had showed the Hitler Salute to them had challenged his initial verdict and the second judge had openly turned against the two witnesses in the second hearing, the third, final hearing then took place in January.

The comrade from the Flotilla relayed:

“First my friend testified, then me. When I entered the room, the judge was already acting very aggressively and constantly interrupted me while I was testifying, shouting at me. From the very beginning, the judge verbally attacked us witnesses, and accused us of being the perpetrators and provocateurs. She completely defended the Nazi and clearly expressed her anti-Muslim, anti-Palestinian hatred.

While I was explaining what had happened and that the police initially did not want to take a report and we had to insist, she commented that she found it outrageous that I ‘prevented the police from doing their job (demonstration) and harassed’ them with my report. She actually told me I could have done this later, which makes no sense, because otherwise I wouldn’t have the person’s personal details.”

The hearing became increasingly tense, with the judge yelling at the two activists and, when they attempted to answer the prosecutors questions, interrupted them even accused them of lying. When one of the activists defended herself against the judge’s aggressive questioning, even the defendant’s lawyer intervened on her behalf, noting she had “answered exactly the same as before and hadn’t lied.”

Nevertheless, the defendant’s courtroom tactics became clear in his testimony, when he not only claimed that growing up in Kreuzberg with lots of ‘coloured people’ (for which he used the racist term ‘farbige Menschen’), he couldn’t be a Nazi. More importantly, he suddenly claimed to have a Star of David tattoo and suggested that this provoked the witnesses, in a flawed attempt to frame the activists as antisemites and to deflect from his Nazi salute.

One of activist commented:

“The tattoo, which anyway was covered by clothes on that day, was a figure from a cartoon, not a Star of David. The whole story was fabricated and grotesque. Only in Germany something so absurd could work.”

And then came the verdict. In her closing statement, the prosecutor said that she found the activist’s statements credible and those of the defendant dubious. He claimed it was a “sailor’s salute” and not a Hitler salute.

However, unlike the first prosecutor, the one in the revision said found the video to be unclear and argued that in case of doubt, the decision must be made in favor of the defendant. Thus, the prosecutor requested an acquittal, which the judge gladly accepted. In her reasoning, the judge further defended the defendant by accusing the witnesses to have provoked him. Therefore, despite sufficient evidence and witnesses, and despite 11 previous convictions, the defendant was acquitted, which speaks to the state of the local ‘justice’ system, once non-white activists attempt to utilise it against racist aggressors.